Considering the depth of pitting in the photos, it looks like those rotors have been on the car for quite a while. One usually only sees slight surface rust for quite a while unless they live in an area with massive amounts of winter road salt. Even then, I would not expect "new" rotors to show that much pitting. You would have needed to view them right after the brake job to be sure. The rear brakes get very little wear on the Volt. I'm at 120k on my 14 and they still work fine.
The outer and inner rims of the disk do look clean so maybe they are just low grade material that rusts quickly
The outer and inner rims of the disk do look clean so maybe they are just low grade material that rusts quickly